In this review, a brief introduction to the issue of health disparities is provided, population-level disparities and inequalities in sleep are described, and the social-ecological model of sleep and health is presented. Risks associated with energy drink use, including those related to sleep loss, may be disproportionately borne by racial minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status. One of the main reasons people use energy drinks is to counteract effects of insufficient sleep or sleepiness. The popularity of energy drinks has increased rapidly in the past decade.
This study depicted a worrisome picture due to the early contact of the adolescents with these substance moreover it demonstrated that the knowledge about this phenomenon by means of scientific evidences (not only by self-reported questionnaires), is the only basis for its comprehension and for planning effective prevention strategies. The main results showed that 17.6% drinks alcohol (3% is a "heavy drinkers"), 43.5% ingests more than an espresso/day (21.4% more than 2 espresso /day) and 24.3% is an active smokers (17.0% of "heavy smokers"). A self-reported questionnaire was also submitted. The toxicological researches were performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer instrumentations, on 50 mg of hair (3/4 cm proximal), detecting: FAEE (fatty acids ethyl esters) and EtG (ethyl glucuronide) as markers of alcohol intake nicotine and cotinine caffeine. The study involved 874 volunteer students aged between 13 and 16 years donating a small lock of their hair. This project was supported by the Department of Antidrug Policies of the Italian Government's Presidency Council and it was undertaken by the Forensic Toxicology Division of the University of Florence, in order to identify the age of onset of abuse of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine, through a scientific approach.
Addictions counseling is also being offered for CADC I and II certifications, which require undergraduate coursework related to addictions counseling. Requirements of the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) and other certification associations have led most university programs in counselor education to require an addictions course for all students, regardless of specialization (school, community, rehabilitation, couples, marriage and family, student personnel, etc.). Because of the clarity of the writing and the use of case studies, it may also be adopted in some undergraduate and community college courses. It is written for use in graduate-level preparation programs for counselors. This book draws on the specialized knowledge for each contributed chapter. Counselors can expect some of their clients to want to address concerns connected with the use of substances and the development of addictive behavior. The authors provide this knowledge in support of your work on behalf of various clients and diverse communities. As the addictions profession has matured, more and more emphasis has been placed on the importance of preparing counselors to work holistically and synthesize knowledge domains from mental health, developmental, and addiction perspectives. Counselors in school, mental health, rehabilitation, hospital, private practice, and a variety of other settings must be thoroughly prepared to support clients in their quest to be healthy and unimpaired.
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It also addresses the evolving standards of professional organizations, accrediting bodies, licensure boards, and graduate programs and departments. Foundations of Addictions Counseling addresses real-life clinical concerns while providing the necessary information to keep up to date with field trends. Preface Whether you are entering the field of addictions counseling or are a counselor who wants to be prepared for the screening, assessment, and treatment of addiction in your practice, this text provides a foundational basis.
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